整理定义

中文名称：建造者模式/生成器模式

英文名称：builder pattern

复述展开

建造者模式是创建型对象模式

建造者模式结构

生成器（Builder）接口声明在所有类型生成器中通用的产品构造步骤。
具体生成器（Concrete Builders）提供构造过程的不同实现。具体生成器也可以构造不遵循通用接口的产品。
产品（Products）是最终生成的对象。由不同生成器构造的产品无需属于同一类层次结构或接口。
主管（Director）类定义调用构造步骤的顺序，这样你就可以创建和复用特定的产品配置。
客户端（Client）必须将某个生成器对象与主管类关联。一般情况下，你只需通过主管类构造函数的参数进行一次性关联即可。此后主管类就能使用生成器对象完成后续所有的构造任务。但在客户端将生成器对象传递给主管类制造方法时还有另一种方式。在这种情况下，你在使用主管类生产产品时每次都可以使用不同的生成器。

建造者模式的适用场景

📌 使用生成器模式可避免 “重叠构造函数（telescoping constructor）” 的出现。

📌 当你希望使用代码创建不同形式的产品（例如石头或木头房屋）时，可使用生成器模式。

📌 使用生成器构造组合树或其他复杂对象。

建造者模式的优缺点

优点：

你可以分步创建对象，暂缓创建步骤或递归运行创建步骤。
生成不同形式的产品时，你可以复用相同的制造代码。
单一职责原则。你可以将复杂构造代码从产品的业务逻辑中分离出来。

缺点：

由于该模式需要新增多个类，因此代码整体复杂程度会有所增加。

from __future__ import annotations
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from typing import Any


class Builder(ABC):
    """
    The Builder interface specifies methods for creating the different parts of
    the Product objects.
    """

    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def product(self) -> None:
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def produce_part_a(self) -> None:
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def produce_part_b(self) -> None:
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def produce_part_c(self) -> None:
        pass


class ConcreteBuilder1(Builder):
    """
    The Concrete Builder classes follow the Builder interface and provide
    specific implementations of the building steps. Your program may have
    several variations of Builders, implemented differently.
    """

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        """
        A fresh builder instance should contain a blank product object, which is
        used in further assembly.
        """
        self.reset()

    def reset(self) -> None:
        self._product = Product1()

    @property
    def product(self) -> Product1:
        """
        Concrete Builders are supposed to provide their own methods for
        retrieving results. That's because various types of builders may create
        entirely different products that don't follow the same interface.
        Therefore, such methods cannot be declared in the base Builder interface
        (at least in a statically typed programming language).

        Usually, after returning the end result to the client, a builder
        instance is expected to be ready to start producing another product.
        That's why it's a usual practice to call the reset method at the end of
        the `getProduct` method body. However, this behavior is not mandatory,
        and you can make your builders wait for an explicit reset call from the
        client code before disposing of the previous result.
        """
        product = self._product
        self.reset()
        return product

    def produce_part_a(self) -> None:
        self._product.add("PartA1")

    def produce_part_b(self) -> None:
        self._product.add("PartB1")

    def produce_part_c(self) -> None:
        self._product.add("PartC1")


class Product1():
    """
    It makes sense to use the Builder pattern only when your products are quite
    complex and require extensive configuration.

    Unlike in other creational patterns, different concrete builders can produce
    unrelated products. In other words, results of various builders may not
    always follow the same interface.
    """

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.parts = []

    def add(self, part: Any) -> None:
        self.parts.append(part)

    def list_parts(self) -> None:
        print(f"Product parts: {', '.join(self.parts)}", end="")


class Director:
    """
    The Director is only responsible for executing the building steps in a
    particular sequence. It is helpful when producing products according to a
    specific order or configuration. Strictly speaking, the Director class is
    optional, since the client can control builders directly.
    """

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self._builder = None

    @property
    def builder(self) -> Builder:
        return self._builder

    @builder.setter
    def builder(self, builder: Builder) -> None:
        """
        The Director works with any builder instance that the client code passes
        to it. This way, the client code may alter the final type of the newly
        assembled product.
        """
        self._builder = builder

    """
    The Director can construct several product variations using the same
    building steps.
    """

    def build_minimal_viable_product(self) -> None:
        self.builder.produce_part_a()

    def build_full_featured_product(self) -> None:
        self.builder.produce_part_a()
        self.builder.produce_part_b()
        self.builder.produce_part_c()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    """
    The client code creates a builder object, passes it to the director and then
    initiates the construction process. The end result is retrieved from the
    builder object.
    """

    director = Director()
    builder = ConcreteBuilder1()
    director.builder = builder

    print("Standard basic product: ")
    director.build_minimal_viable_product()
    builder.product.list_parts()

    print("\n")

    print("Standard full featured product: ")
    director.build_full_featured_product()
    builder.product.list_parts()

    print("\n")

    # Remember, the Builder pattern can be used without a Director class.
    print("Custom product: ")
    builder.produce_part_a()
    builder.produce_part_b()
    builder.product.list_parts()